Isolation of cubic Si₃P₄ in the form of nanocrystals

• Polina K. Nikiforova,
• Sergei S. Bubenov,
• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Andrey S. Kumskov,
• Nikolay N. Kononov,
• Tatyana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 971–979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.80

• precursor for diffusion doping of wafers and as anode material for Li-ion batteries. A similar method with a hydrogenation step offers the possibility to obtain other compounds, such as silicon selenides, arsenides, and sulfides. Keywords: ampoule annealing; defective zinc blende structure; DFT

In situ magnesiothermic reduction synthesis of a Ge@C composite for high-performance lithium-ion batterie anodes

• Ha Tran Huu,
• Ngoc Phi Nguyen,
• Vuong Hoang Ngo,
• Huy Hoang Luc,
• Minh Kha Le,
• Minh Thu Nguyen,
• My Loan Phung Le,
• Hye Rim Kim,
• In Young Kim,
• Sung Jin Kim,
• Van Man Tran and
• Vien Vo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 751–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.62

• report an in situ magnesiothermic reduction to synthesize a composite of Ge@C as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The obtained electrode delivered a specific capacity of 454.2 mAh·g−1 after 200 cycles at a specific current of 1000 mA·g−1. The stable electrochemical performance and good rate

Structural studies and selected physical investigations of LiCoO₂ obtained by combustion synthesis

• Monika Michalska,
• Paweł Ławniczak,
• Tomasz Strachowski,
• Adam Ostrowski and
• Waldemar Bednarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1473–1482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.121

• lithium cells in 1979 by researchers from Oxford University [1]. The cell consisted of LCO, which was used as the cathode material, and metallic lithium, which was used as the anode material. In 1985, it was proposed to replace the Li metal in the negative electrode with the carbonaceous material graphite

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• available anode and cathode materials are sought. Table 1 lists some abundant metals as anode materials with high capacity and reduction potential values that are explored in metal-ion batteries [7][8][9]. Besides sodium as alternative anode material, also sulfur as abundant cathode material has emerged due

• batteries [3][12]. In fact, research on Na batteries is not new, starting with high-temperature (HT) Na–S batteries in the 1960s and RT sodium-ion batteries (SiBs) in the 1980s [10]. However, an appropriate anode material based on sodium was not achieved and, therefore, only lithium-ion batteries are

• bulk silicon during sodiation can be overcome by hybridation of nanosized Si with carbon fibers, after which Zhang et al. measured 200 mAh·g−1 after 2000 cycles [83]. The investigation into phosphorous as anode material for SiBs is motivated by the highest capacity value of P (2596 mAh·g−1), which is

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• obtained material was composed of loosely arranged nanoparticles whose average diameter was about 36 nm. The as-prepared cobalt oxide powder was also tested as the anode material for Li-ion batteries and revealed specific capacities of 1060 and 533 mAh·g−1 after 100 cycles at charge–discharge current

• current densities between 50 and 5000 mA·g−1. Keywords: anode material; cobalt oxide; lithium-ion battery; solution combustion synthesis; transition metal oxide; Introduction Recently, a considerable research effort regarding new anode materials has been made because the traditional carbonaceous anodes

• compact structure rather than a porous one (Figure 2c). The electrochemical performance of the Co3O4 powder as anode material was evaluated in a two-electrode coin cell in a voltage window from 0.01 to 3.0 V vs Li+/Li. The first to fifth charge–discharge cycle profiles measured at a current density of 100

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• transport and improve the efficiency of the thermoelectric generator [7]. Silicon nanowire arrays are also an emerging anode material for integrated lithium-ion batteries. They have a ten times higher theoretical capacity than graphite and can be used for cells with high energy density. However, these

Antimony deposition onto Au(111) and insertion of Mg

• Lingxing Zan,
• Da Xing,
• Abdelaziz Ali Abd-El-Latif and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2541–2552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.245

• , Egypt 10.3762/bjnano.10.245 Abstract Magnesium-based secondary batteries have been regarded as a viable alternative to the immensely popular Li-ion systems owing to their high volumetric capacity. One of the largest challenges is the selection of Mg anode material since the insertion/extraction

A novel all-fiber-based LiFePO₄/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ battery with self-standing nanofiber membrane electrodes

• Li-li Chen,
• Hua Yang,
• Mao-xiang Jing,
• Chong Han,
• Fei Chen,
• Xin-yu Hu,
• Wei-yong Yuan,
• Shan-shan Yao and
• Xiang-qian Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2229–2237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.215

• reductive inert atmosphere. However, TiO2 itself is a relatively stable anode material [42], so the appearance of such impurities would not affect the performance of the electrode. The Raman spectra of the two fiber materials in Figure 6 show two characteristic peaks at 1350 cm−1 and 1580 cm−1 corresponding

Facile synthesis of carbon nanotube-supported NiO//Fe₂O₃ for all-solid-state supercapacitors

• Shengming Zhang,
• Xuhui Wang,
• Yan Li,
• Xuemei Mu,
• Yaxiong Zhang,
• Jingwei Du,
• Guo Liu,
• Xiaohui Hua,
• Yingzhuo Sheng,
• Erqing Xie and
• Zhenxing Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1923–1932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.188

• Discussion Figure 1 shows the process of synthesizing cathode and anode, and finally, the asymmetric supercapacitor. The details can be seen in the Experimental section. Anode material CC-CNT@Fe2O3 CNTs were grown on CC by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). As shown in Figure 2a, CNTs grow homogeneously with

Flexible freestanding MoS₂-based composite paper for energy conversion and storage

• Florian Zoller,
• Jan Luxa,
• Thomas Bein,
• Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing,
• Daniel Bouša and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1488–1496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.147

• extend their application to large energy storage systems or to the electromobility sector, an improvement in the energy storage capacity is necessary. Layered dichalcogenide materials such as molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) are promising candidates for the replacement of the commercial anode material graphite

• -based composite paper was also tested as an anode material for LIBs. Hence, the MoS2-based composite paper was used directly as an anode without any binder, carbon additive or a Cu-foil current collector. Figure 5a shows the first four cycles of the cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves of the MoS2-based

Hydrothermal-derived carbon as a stabilizing matrix for improved cycling performance of silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion full cells

• Mirco Ruttert,
• Florian Holtstiege,
• Jessica Hüsker,
• Markus Börner,
• Martin Winter and
• Tobias Placke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2381–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.223

• Si-NPs sufficiently. This resulted in mechanical stress and the formation of cracks within the electrodes, as well as continuous SEI formation. Despite the fact that the initial Coulombic efficiency of the synthesized materials was quite low, we could show that these materials are applicable as anode

• material in a LIB full cell set-up vs NMC-111 cathodes with limited lithium content. Further, the performance could be improved by prelithiation of the anode. Even though the reported results indicated that the presented approach is limited to the use of small amounts of Si (less than 20 wt %), one should

Metal-free catalysis based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials: a photoelectron spectroscopy point of view

• Mattia Scardamaglia and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2015–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.191

• -sensitized solar cells [67]. A high-performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries was obtained using graphene co-doped with nitrogen and fluorine, which was prepared by a hydrothermal reaction of an aqueous dispersion of graphene oxide with trimethylamine trihydrofluoride [68]. In nitrogen-doped

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles as sulfur encapsulator for high-performance lithium/sulfur batteries

• Yan Zhao,
• Zhengjun Liu,
• Liancheng Sun,
• Yongguang Zhang,
• Yuting Feng,
• Xin Wang,
• Indira Kurmanbayeva and
• Zhumabay Bakenov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1677–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.159

• they could provide strong binding sites to sulfur while simultaneously improving the conductivity of the electrode. We previously reported the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles on NCNT as anode material for Li-ion batteries [13], and focused on the effect of NCNT on ZnO nanoparticles. A high concentration

Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

• Ruiyuan Zhuang,
• Shanshan Yao,
• Maoxiang Jing,
• Xiangqian Shen,
• Jun Xiang,
• Tianbao Li,
• Kesong Xiao and
• Shibiao Qin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 262–270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.28

• , supercapacitors and as an anode material in lithium ion batteries due to its relatively large theoretical capacity [19][20][21]. Although numerous synthetic approaches have been reported for preparing MoO2 nanostructures with diverse morphologies, the fabrication, manipulation, and engineering of one-dimensional

Ab initio study of adsorption and diffusion of lithium on transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers

• Xiaoli Sun and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2711–2718, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.270

• deposition [12][13][14]. MX2 has received tremendous attention as an alternative to graphite for the anode material in LIBs [15][16]. In particular, MoS2 has been well-investigated as an anode material for LIBs both theoretically and experimentally. A graphene like-MoS2/graphene composite was shown to

• Li on 2H-MoS2 is −0.05 and −0.25 eV for H and T sites, respectively. The materials will have a large energy storage capacity if they have a large exothermic reaction energy with Li [19]. Previous studies have shown that the 2H-MoS2 monolayer is a good anode material for LIBs [26][27][28]. The

• with the previously reported values of 0.22, 0.23 eV [61], and 0.22 eV [42] respectively. The diffusion energy barrier of Li on 2H-MoS2 monolayer is 0.29 eV, which is consistent with the previously reported value of 0.25 eV [18][42]. A good anode material should have a high electron and Li mobility and

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• exhibit capacity values that are far higher than those of commercialized graphite anode material at low rates (372 mAh g−1 for stoichiometry of LiC6) even in the higher C regions [8]. The samples α-Fe2O3-E1.5, α-Fe2O3-D0.5 and α-Fe2O3-B1.5 with intermediate nanorod lengths of ≈280, ≈240 and ≈260 nm show

Fabrication of hierarchically porous TiO₂ nanofibers by microemulsion electrospinning and their application as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

• Jin Zhang,
• Yibing Cai,
• Xuebin Hou,
• Xiaofei Song,
• Pengfei Lv,
• Huimin Zhou and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1297–1306, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.131

• considered to be an alternative anode material to graphite, which can be attributed to the superior advantages of titanium dioxide such as low-cost, eco-friendliness, nontoxicity and high abundance [10]. Furthermore, safety and stability of titanium dioxide are higher than those of graphite, because since Li

• various reports about porous TiO2 nanofibers as anode for LIB. Cho et al. prepared fiber-in-tube TiO2 nanofibers as anode material for LIB and the initial discharge and charge capacity were 231 and 170 mAh·g−1, respectively [29]. Furthermore multichannel hollow TiO2 nanofibers were fabricated by Tang et

• al. and demonstrated excellent rate capability and cycling performances when used as anode in LIB [30]. However, there is no report about hierarchically porous TiO2 nanofibers fabricated via ME-ES used as anode material for LIB. So in this work, the ME-ES solution was firstly electrospun to prepare

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• fields. Material property requirements for specific applications Graphite is commercially used as an anode material for LIBs due to its large lithium storage capacity of 372 mAh·g−1. However, this is not sufficient for applications requiring high energy capacity. Single layer graphene has a high

• abundance of Mn in nature. Among all the oxides of manganese, Mn3O4 has been studied widely as an anode material for LIB to achieve higher specific capacities than graphite [120]. Mn3O4 has a spinal structure and is a potentially interesting electrode material as an electrolytic supercapacitor because of

• . It is an attractive anode material for LIBs as it has a high theoretical capacity (1007 mAh·g−1) [143] which is three times larger than that of graphite. During the cycling process, in the host matrix of Fe2O3 electrode pulverisation and rapid capacity decay happens due to the large specific volume

Carbon nanotube-wrapped Fe₂O₃ anode with improved performance for lithium-ion batteries

• Guoliang Gao,
• Yan Jin,
• Qun Zeng,
• Deyu Wang and
• Cai Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 649–656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.69

• /COOH-MWCNT composite is a potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Keywords: anode material; carbon nanotubes; hydrothermal synthesis method; lithium-ion batteries; Introduction The depletion of non-renewable energy resources such as coal, petrol and natural gas has led to the urgent need

• vehicles and battery electric vehicles [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Graphite, is the most commonly used anode material for LIBs, has a theoretical specific capacity of 372 mAh·g−1 [9], which does not meet the requirements of hybrid electric vehicles. Thus, the development of next-generation batteries with low

• . of composite materials. In this method, an Fe-based metal organic framework [MIL-88B (Fe)] was used as a precursor for the synthesis of spindle-like α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with a mesoporous structure of less than 20 nm. When used as anode material for LIBs, these nanoparticles demonstrated a capacity

Role of oxygen in wetting of copper nanoparticles on silicon surfaces at elevated temperature

• Tapas Ghosh and
• Biswarup Satpati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 425–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.45

• recent years, several CuO nanostructure syntheses and their applications have been reported. Different shaped CuO nanostructures such as nanowires, nanoplatelets, nanorods, and nanoflowers have been employed as the anode material for lithium ion batteries [4][5][6][7], and improved performance has also

Microwave synthesis of high-quality and uniform 4 nm ZnFe₂O₄ nanocrystals for application in energy storage and nanomagnetics

• Christian Suchomski,
• Ben Breitung,
• Ralf Witte,
• Michael Knapp,
• Sondes Bauer,
• Tilo Baumbach,
• Christian Reitz and
• Torsten Brezesinski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1350–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.126

• galvanostatic charge–discharge tests and ex situ X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy, the as-prepared zinc ferrite nanocrystals can be used as a high-capacity anode material for Li-ion batteries, showing little capacity fade – after activation – over hundreds of cycles. Overall, in addition to the

• monodispersity of the zinc ferrite nanocrystals with low-temperature superspin glass behavior. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that they can be used as a high-capacity conversion-type anode material, showing good long-term cycling performance in Li half-cells. On the basis of the results presented herein, we

Improved lithium-ion battery anode capacity with a network of easily fabricated spindle-like carbon nanofibers

• Mengting Liu,
• Wenhe Xie,
• Lili Gu,
• Tianfeng Qin,
• Xiaoyi Hou and
• Deyan He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1289–1295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.120

• materials. Commercial graphite, with low specific capacity and poor rate capability, no longer meets the urgent requirements of modern technologies as an anode material for LIBs [4][5]. Hence, exploring new candidates with higher energy density and better cycling endurance becomes imperative. Presently

From lithium to sodium: cell chemistry of room temperature sodium–air and sodium–sulfur batteries

• Philipp Adelhelm,
• Pascal Hartmann,
• Conrad L. Bender,
• Martin Busche,
• Christine Eufinger and
• Juergen Janek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1016–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.105

Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• combination with Co3O4 [64] and MnO2 [65] as electrode material. In the earlier study, the CNO-containing anode material was prepared by a solvo-thermal method from cobalt acetate and CNOs and the authors found that the novel composite material showed improved electrochemical properties, compared to pristine

• (Figure 9) similar to the one the group reported earlier for the preparation of electrode materials for pseudocapacitors [62]. This material was then probed as anode material in lithium-ion batteries. It was found that the performance of pure MnO2 anodes could be significantly enhanced by the

Liquid fuel cells

• Grigorii L. Soloveichik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1399–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.153

• streams, and enhanced safety. This review focuses on the use of different types of organic fuels as an anode material for LFCs. An overview of the current state of the art and recent trends in the development of LFC and the challenges of their practical implementation are presented. Keywords: anion